Nuclear Reactions: Important notes on energy releasing, mass defect, binding energy, exothermic and endothermic nuclear reactions, different kind of radiations in nuclear reaction etc.

Facts behind Nuclear Reaction

Some important points about nuclear energy

Overlapping between nuclear particles cause the releasing of nuclear energy. Detaching between nuclear particles cause endothermic nuclear reactions. Or in other words, all the fusion reactions between nuclear particles release energy and all the fission reactions between nuclear particles absorb energy. For example, when a neutron to split a Uranium nucleus, it absorb energy for the spiriting process (it purely is an endothermic nuclear reaction). After the immediate moment of fission of the Uranium nucleus, the nuclear particles in the daughter pieces will undergo a rapid re-arrangement for reaching in a physical equilibrium state (for the spherical arrangement of the nuclear particles). In this re-arrangement, the particles make some fresh bonding (overlapping) in between them. This bonding is the reason for the releasing of energy.

Abstract

In this article, we can discuss some nuclear fission and fusion reactions and the phenomenons like mass defect, binding energy, nuclear decay, radioactivity, gamma ray, beta ray, alpha particle etc.

My investigations indicate that the decreasing of volume of nuclear particles when they are bonded together are equally important along with mass deficiency in nuclear reactions for the precise measurement of energy that released in the reactions (the decreasing of volume and mass defect are also applicable in the cause of releasing of chemical energy). It is noted that, the previous researches to uncover the mysteries in the nuclear reactions (or any reactions that release energy) are focused only on the mass defect and that missing mass were directly interpreted for the determination of the releasing of energy. This interpretation led the scientists to a misconception is that "mass and energy are interchangeable" and the mass that missed is simply converted into pure energy (Einstein's famous equation E=mc²). When two or more nuclear particles bonded together to form a nucleus, i.e. the sticking protons and neutrons together cause some of their volumes to shrink. Since a free proton or neutron (some times, the volume of a neutron may slightly vary because of the interactions with the electron or positron that surrounds it), without any binding, has its own natural volume and density in constant temperature and pressure, when these particles overlap each other, they release the overlapped volume of matter to the outer world because of to maintaining the densities of the particles in the natural level (see nuclear energy).

Since the greater density of nuclear particles (proton and neutron), when the overlapped volume of matter escapes to the outer world it will detonate with a huge expansion ratio and will become to space matter. Since this explosion is takes place where from the region the nuclear particles are bonded together, each of the bonded particles act as a projectiles with tremendous kinetic energy. When these extremely energetic ‘projectiles’ collide with the surrounding nuclei or other particles, they also get exited and increase the temperature of millions of degrees.

Volume defect in a nuclear reaction

We see above that, when protons and neutrons bond together, the particle's individual volumes will decrease because of the overlapping between them. Or in other words, the volume of any nucleus is less than the sum of the separate volumes of its protons and neutrons. Also interestingly, the releasing of energy is directly related to 'how much the particles are overlapping each other'. I.e. if the particle's overlapping is more then the releasing of energy will be also more (for example, in the formation of more stable, tightly bound nuclei like Nickel-62 Iron-58 and Iron-56 etc) and if the overlapping is less then the releasing of energy will be also less (in the formation of more unstable nuclei's).

The releasing of energy can be calculated from the parameters of total missing volume or missing mass in the nuclear formation (product nucleus), densities of the particles (proton and neutron) and the density of space matter.

Calculation of releasing of energy in a nuclear reaction

Nuclear fission

²³⁵92^U + ¹0ⁿ--> ¹⁴⁴56^Ba + ⁹⁰36^Kr + 2 ¹0ⁿ + Energy (because of the volume expansion of the missing mass)

Nuclear fusion

2₁H + 2₁H --> 3₂He + 1₀n + Energy (because of the volume expansion of the missing mass)

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