Light Emission : How the light is emitted by atoms and physics behind all form of other radiations (radio wave to gamma rays)

Mechanism of Light: -How the light is emitted by atoms & Physics behind all form of radiations (radio wave to gamma rays)

"Emission of photons by an atom is not because of the jumping of electrons from an outer shell to an inner shell as current belief, but is caused by the oscillation of electrons in their shells or transitory shells"

An atom has two types of shells

a) Electron shells: - Regions where the electrons are configured in an atom, when the atom is in a lowest energy level.

b) Transitory shells: - Possible regions which the electrons can jump from their 'electron shells', when the electrons are in an excited state.

* Each of the electron shells and transitory shells in an atom act as resonant columns and have their own unique natural frequencies.

* Innermost electron shell has the shortest wavelength frequency and the outermost transitory shell has the longest wavelength frequency that an atom can emit.

* Emission of photons by an atom is caused by the oscillation of its electrons and frequency of photons will be the frequency of the oscillating electrons.

* There is a 90* angle between the oscillation of electrons and emission of photons.

* An atom (of any element) has enormous number of transitory shells and a few electron shells (hydrogen and helium have one electron shell, lithium to neon have two electron shells, sodium to argon have three electron shells so on).

* When an electron oscillates in its shell, the high-density space matter in the inner region of the atom expels the electron to an outer low-density space matter region. I.e. an electron will jump from an inner shell to an outer shell (or, from an inner region to an outer region), when the electron is excited and emits a photon

Light emission by atoms

From the Stefan- Boltzmann law, we see that any object with the temperature above absolute zero(0 K) emit radiations. From wien's law, we find that a very cold object with a temperature of only a few kelvins emits primarily microwaves. An object at "room temperature" (about 295K) emits primarily infrared radiation. And an object with a temperature of a few thousand kelvins emits mostly visible light. An object with a temperature of a few million Kelvins emits most of its radiation in the X-ray wave lengths.

Every shells (electron shells and transitory shells) in an atom have their own unique natural frequencies. The natural frequency of the outermost electron shell of an atom will be in micro wave frequency region and a substance in a very cold temperature (a few Kelvins ) emits microwave. I.e. a few Kelvins of temperature is sufficient for the excitation and oscillation of the outer most electron shell of an atom.

When an electron shell is excited, it will oscillate in its natural frequency and the electron (s) present in that shell. This oscillation of the electron (s) cause, the 'lines' (see What is light) that formed in the north poles of the electrons will also oscillate and the oscillating magnetic lines will be propagated through space with the velocity of 300000km/s.

How a hydrogen atom emits its line spectrum when it excited in a discharge lamp

How a heavy atom emits its line spectrum when it excited

In the case of a heavy atom, the natural frequency of the innermost electron shell is in the X-ray frequency region and the excitation of that shell causes the emission of X-rays. Since the density of space matter decreases with the increasing of the distance from the nucleus of an atom, an outer shell's natural frequency will be smaller than an inner shell's, and an atom emits low frequency photons when an outer electron shell/transitory is excited. Or in other words, the frequency of an emitted radiation is determined by the position of the electron. The outermost electrons of atoms will radiate microwaves to infrared frequencies when they are exited. But, the innermost electrons of atoms like Tungsten will emit hard X-rays when they are exited.

When an electron is excited, it will jump from its electron shell to an outer transitory shell, because of the density difference between the space matter in the inner and outer regions of the atom. I.e. when an electron oscillates in its shell, for every oscillations towards the direction of the nucleus, the high-density space matter in the inner region of the atom expels the electron to a low-density outer region. This is the reason for the jumping of an atomic electron when it is excited.

Quantum nature of radiation

Since the excitation of an atomic electron is purely because of the excitation of its shell, as the electron jumps from its excited shell to an outer transitory shell, the electron will lose its excitation simultaneously. This is the reason for the quantum or photon nature of radiation by an atom.

If the transitory shell to which the electron has jumped is simultaneously excited by means of a further collision between atoms or the collision of an energetic electron from an external source, that transitory shell will be also get excited and oscillated in their natural frequency. This oscillation of the transitory shell causes, the electron that jumped to that transitory shell will also get excited and oscillates with the frequency of the transitory shell and causes the emission of a low frequency photon (see Line spectrum of hydrogen atom).

Light emission by an atom: Vertical oscillation of electrons (about the nucleus).

Light reflection by an atom: Horizontal oscillation of electrons (about the nucleus).

For more information about light, see the article 'What is light'

Structure of atom

Most of the phenomenons in the atomic world are because of the presence of space matter in atoms. For example, Exchange of energy (endothermic and exothermic reactions), all form of radiations generated by atoms except gamma rays (micro waves to X-rays), line spectrum of atoms, refraction of light in a transparent medium, X-ray scattering, pair production, rigidity of an atom, electrons are not falling into the nucleus etc.

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