Fact behind Nuclear Energy             

Important notes about nuclear energy (for a quick reference) 1) Releasing of energy in a nuclear reaction is due to the rapid-huge increasing of volume of ordinary matter to space matter. 2) Missing mass (mass defect) in a nuclear reaction is converted into space matter. 3) Decreasing of volume of individual nuclear particles along with missing mass is equally important for the accurate measurement of releasing of energy in a nuclear reaction. 4) All nuclear fission (detaching between nuclear particles) reactions absorb energy for the fission process. I.e. all nuclear fission reactions are endothermic. 5) All nuclear fusion (overlapping between nuclear particles) reactions release energy in the reaction. I.e. all nuclear fusion reactions are exothermic.

Keywords: Natural volume, natural density, natural mass, space matter, nuclear reaction, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, mass defect, missing mass, nuclear energy

Natural volume: : Volume of a particle in constant temperature and pressure (neutron or proton in this case).

Natural density: Density of a particle in constant temperature and pressure (neutron or proton in this case).

Natural mass:  Rest mass.

Space matter: Another state of matter that present everywhere in the universe with extremely low density.   

Abstract:

The earlier investigations on the cause of releasing of energy in nuclear reactions are focused only on the mass deficiency and the missing mass is directly interpreted for the calculation of energy release and then arrived in a conclusion is that "mass and energy are interchangeable" and the mass that missed is simply converted into pure energy (Einstein's famous equation E=mc²). In this article, we can see that, the decreasing of volume of individual nuclear particles in the reactions are also equally important along with the mass defect for the accurate measurement of the energy release and also importantly, only the fusion reactions between nuclear particles release energy. When two or more nuclear particles are bonded together to form a nucleus, i.e. the sticking protons and neutrons together cause some of their volumes to shrink. Since a free proton or neutron (without any binding each other) has its own natural volume and density in constant temperature and pressure, when the particles overlap each other, they tend to release the overlapped volume of matter to the outer world because of to maintaining the densities of the particles in natural levels. Since the greater density of nuclear particles, the released matter will detonate and will become to space matter (reference from my notes, written in 1994 April). As these explosions are take place where from the regions that the particles are bonded, the bonded particles act as projectiles with very great kinetic energy. When this high energetic particles collide with the surrounding particles with colossal kinetic energy that causes the intensive thermal and other form of radiations along with the enormous blast waves.  

 Reactions between one proton and one neutron are illustrated as follows                           

We can find some important facts from the above illustrations

In the fusion process, there is a decreasing of volume of the proton and neutron from their natural volumes along with the decreasing of mass from their natural masses. And another important fact is that, the densities of the both particles remain unchanged in the fusion process.

In the fission process, the volume of the proton and neutron regain its natural volumes along with the regaining of its rest masses. And here also, the densities of both particles remain unchanged.

Releasing of energy in the fusion process

When one proton and one neutron are fused together to form a deuterium nucleus, their net volume decreases (because of the overlapping between the particles) without changing (without increasing) its densities. Then what will be happened? The only option is to release the overlapped volume of their masses to the outer world. It is noted that, the density of an atomic nucleus is about 10¹⁴g cm^-3 (i.e. the combined density of proton and neutron in a nuclear formation). Then what will be happened when such a mass with this density released to the outer world with an undetectable (with the help of the present day technologies) density? It is very clear that, it will detonate with an unimaginable expansion ratio and velocity. We can calculate the releasing of energy if we know the expansion ratio (or the density of matter in empty space) from the nuclear density and the time that takes for the reaction.

Calculation of releasing of nuclear energy

Absorption of energy in the fission process

When one deuterium nucleus splits into one proton and one neutron, the two particles regain its natural volumes because of the withdrawal of their overlapping; but without changing (without decreasing) their densities. How this will be happened? The only option is to compress the extremely low-density matter (referred as space matter) that present in the outer world, to form the matter with the density of proton and neutron. But, for such a compression process of space matter, requires a very great deal of energy (the same amount of energy that released in the fusion of one proton and one neutron to form the deuterium nucleus. i.e. the binding energy of proton and neutron in the deuterium nucleus).   

One of the major limitations is that, even though we can make fusion reactions between two deuterium nucleus or deuterium nucleus with tritium nucleus etc, we can not able to precisely split a deuterium nucleus into one proton and one neutron because of the lack of the sufficient technology at present (the splitting process described above is only theoretical). If we accelerate the deuterium nucleus in a particle accelerator with the sufficient kinetic for a collision process, it will be scattered into much smaller elementary particles or even they will be completely vanished and completely released (to become to space matter).

One misunderstanding about the nuclear fission reactions

There is a widely accepted belief is that the fission of large nuclei like Uranium 235, Plutonium 239 etc are release energy when neutrons bombard with them. The real fact is that, when a neutron bombards a Uranium 235 nucleus for example, it absorbs the kinetic energy of the neutron for the splitting process and it is purely an endothermic nuclear reaction. But, the energy is released when the partially scattered nuclear particles (neutrons and protons) are re-arranged and fused together to form the two daughter nuclei of one Cesium and one Rubidium atom. I.e., when a neutron bombards a U235 nucleus, it splits into two un-spherical pieces along with 2-3 free neutrons. It is noted that, in a nuclear density, the spherical arrangement of nuclear particles (to a attainable level) is very important for a nucleus for restoring its physical equilibrium state (actually any nucleus, except hydrogen atom with one proton in its nucleus, are not having a perfect spherical shape). For achieving the stable shape, the protons and neutrons will undergo a rapid re-arrangement in the daughter pieces (mostly the particles that present in the outer region). This process will lead to some extra bonding (fusions) between every of the particles. As stated above, when the fusion reactions between the particles take place, the net volume that decreased of the particles will be released and expanded and this yields the releasing of nuclear energy along with the emission of gamma rays like radiations (including the blast -shock waves).       

Evidences for the releasing and expansion (detonation) of space matter in the nuclear reactions

a) Kinetic energy associated with the particle radiation in nuclear reactions (nuclear explosions or radioactive decay process). The particles get its kinetic energies from the explosion of space matter (the particle radiation gets only a fraction of energy from the explosion of space matter as there is no 100% efficient projectiles)

b) High temperature and radiations

Since the space matter explosions are take place where from the regions that the particles are bonded, the bonded particles act as projectiles with very great kinetic energy. When this highly energetic particles collide with the surrounding particles with colossal kinetic energy that causes the intensive thermal and other form of radiations.

c). The shock wave is caused by the fast expansion of the air because of the heat (explosion). 

d). Bending of starlight when passing through near the Sun

There are two reasons for this phenomenon

1) Space matter produced in the nuclear reactions creates a higher space matter density in the near surface of the Sun. When light passes from a rare medium to denser medium or vice versa, it will be refracted and bended. Bending of starlight when passing through near the Sun

There are two reasons for this phenomenon

1) Space matter produced in the nuclear reactions creates a higher space matter density in the near surface of the Sun. When light passes from a rare medium to denser medium or vice versa, it will be refracted and bended. 

2). Because of the gravitational pull that exerted on the surrounding space matter by the Sun, a denser space matter region develops around the Sun like the higher atmospheric air density on the surface of the Earth.

e). Lensing effect in some region of the galaxies.

Considering a Galaxy, the distribution of matter (stars, super nova, neutron stars, black holes etc) is not in uniformly. In some regions, the distribution of the matter will be more. This causes, the space matter density due to gravity and the space matter-producing rate due to nuclear reactions of that region will be greater. As stated above, the density difference of the space matter will make the refraction of light and this is the reason for lensing effect.     

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