Chemical Energy

Keywords: chemical reaction, chemical energy, bond making, bond braking, mass defect, missing mass Natural volume of atom: Volume of a free atom of an element in constant temperature and pressure. Natural densities of atomic shells: Densities of space matter in the shells of an atom in constant pressure. Natural mass of an atom: Mass of a free atom of an element (it is noted that isotopes of same element have different masses). Space matter: Another state of matter that present everywhere in the universe with extremely low density.

Hydrogen atom	Hydrogen atom (diameter)	Hydrogen- Hydrogen bond
Nitrogen molecule (single bond)	Nitrogen molecule(triple bond)	Oxygen atom

 Important notes about chemical energy (for a quick reference):

 1) All bond making chemical reactions are exothermic (release energy). I.e. overlapping between atoms (atomic shells) cause exothermic reactions. 

 2) All bond braking chemical reaction are endothermic (absorb energy). I.e. detaching between atoms cause endothermic reactions. 

Abstract

 Where is the energy come from in an exothermic chemical reaction and why endothermic chemical reactions absorb energy to proceed? The exact answers of these questions are still unexplained with the help of the standard model of atom. There are two other interesting phenomenons in the chemical reactions are slight mass gain in endothermic reactions and slight mass loss in exothermic chemical reactions, even though it is only measurable if the reactants are much in quantity. My investigations indicate that atomic shells are not empty, but filled with space matter. The density of space matter in the inner region of the atom is greater and it decreases as the distance increases from the nucleus (see Structure of an atom). A free atom (without any binding) of an element has its own 'natural volume' in  constant temperature and pressure. But, when atoms react with other atoms (bonding- metallic or ionic or covalent bonding), the individual volume of atoms decrease because of the overlapping of its outer regions. That is, the volume of any molecule is less than the sum of the separate volumes of its containing atoms. Also interestingly, the releasing of energy in a chemical reaction is directly proportional to 'how much the atoms are overlapping each other'. I.e. if the overlapping is more then the energy release will be more and if the overlapping is less then the releasing of energy will be also less.

Reaction between two hydrogen atoms with one oxygen atom is illustrated as follows                       

We can find some important facts from the above illustration  

a) In the bond making process, there is a decreasing of volume of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms from their natural volumes along with the slight decreasing of mass from their natural masses. And another important fact is that, the space matter densities of the atomic shells that participated in the reactions are remain unchanged in the reaction.

b) In the bond braking process, the volume of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms regains their natural volumes along with the regaining of their natural masses. And here also, the densities of the atomic shells are remaining unchanged.

 Releasing of energy in the bond making reaction

When two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are bonded together to form a water molecule, their net volume decreases (because of the overlapping between their atomic shells) without changing (without increasing) the space matter densities in the shells. Then what will be happened? The only option is to release the overlapped volume of space matter that in the shells to the outer world. Then what will be happened when the compressed space matter in the shells released to the outer world?  It is very clear that, it will explode. This explosion causes the surrounding atoms/molecules oscillate violently and when this oscillations is transferred to the surrounding atoms/molecules cause the generation of thermal energy. We can calculate the releasing of energy in a chemical reaction with more precisely than the current methods, if we know the expansion ratio (i.e. the density of matter in the empty space) from the density of space matter in the atomic shells (that participated in the reaction).

Calculation of releasing of energy in a exothermic reaction      

Absorption of energy in the fission process  

When one water molecule splits into two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, the three atoms regain their natural volumes because of the withdrawal of their overlapping, but without changing (without decreasing) densities of the atomic shells. How this will be happened? The only option is to compress the extremely low-density space matter that present in the outer world, and to make the atomic shells. But, for such a compression process of space matter, requires the same amount of energy that released in the fusion of hydrogen and oxygen atoms to form the water molecule i.e. the binding energy of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule.       

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